Assessment of Maximum Bite Force in Oral Submucous Fibrosis Patients: A Preliminary Study

Abstract Objective: To determine the maximum bite force (MBF) in oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) patients and to compare them with that of healthy subjects. Material and Methods: Twenty patients who were clinically confirmed, as OSMF and 20 healthy controls matched for age, gender, and number of intact functional teeth were included in this study. For each subject, age, gender, weight, height and body mass index (BMI) were recorded. The MBF registration was carried out by the two evaluators, who were previously calibrated. Bite force was measured in the first molar region using a force transducer occlusal force meter for each subject seated at the upright position, with Frankfort's plane nearly parallel to the floor, and no head support. The Student's independent t-test was used to determine the statistical significance in relation to mean height, weight, BMI and the presence of number of intact teeth and MBF between the healthy subjects and OSMF individuals. A comparison of grades of OSMF with all variables was carried out by one-way ANOVA test. Results: No significant difference was found in mean age, mean height, weight, BMI and the presence of the number of intact teeth between healthy individuals and OSMF patients. The mean MBF in healthy subjects was 628.23 ± 24.39 N and 635.47 ± 31.22 N in OSMF patients. Even though the healthy subjects reported a higher MBF than OSMF patients did, the difference was statistically non-significant. With regards to sides, no significant difference was observed in mean MBF in healthy subjects and OSMF patients on the right (p=0.7818) and left side (p=0.6154). Conclusion: The healthy subjects reported higher MBF values than OSMF patients did and the difference was statistically non-significant.

Three-Rooted Mandibular First Molars in a Saudi Arabian Population: A CBCT Study

Objective: To know the prevalence three-rooted mandibular first molars in a Saudi Arabian population by using CBCT. Material and Methods: A total of 428 CBCT scans in the database of the College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia were analyzed. All well-developed permanent mandibular first molars were analyzed for the presence of extra root in three dimensions and the reconstructed volumetric images by two qualified and experienced observers. The total incidence, distribution and comparison regarding gender, bilateral and unilateral appearance, and the side of occurrences of these permanent three-rooted mandibular first molars were analyzed by the Chi-square test. The level of significance was set at 5%. Results: The CBCT scans of 14 subjects had three rooted mandibular first molars with a prevalence of 3.27%. The prevalence in males and females was 2.96% respectively, with no significant differences between genders (p=0.865). The frequency of bilateral three-rooted mandibular first molars was 1.16%, with unilateral frequencies of 1.40% and 0.70% on the right and left sides, respectively. No significant relationship between sides (p=0.981) and the bilateral prevalence of three-rooted mandibular first molars (p=0.668) was observed. Conclusion: Dental practitioners must be aware of the fact that though it is rare, an extra or third root can be present in mandibular first molars and CBCT can aid in accurate diagnosis of the presence of third root.

A Cone Beam Computed Tomography Study of the Prevalence of Pulp Stones in a Saudi Arabian Adolescent Population

Objective: To assess the prevalence of pulp stones using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) in a Saudi Arabian adolescent population. Material and Methods: CBCT scans of 237 individuals compromising of 1018 teeth were examined. All teeth were analyzed in three dimensions and the presence of pulp stones were identified as a round or oval shaped dense structures in the pulp space. The location of involved tooth in terms of arch, side involved and the status of the tooth were documented. Statistical analysis was carried out by applying Chi-square test. The level of significance was set at 5%. Results: Pulp stones were observed in 119 out of the 237 participants, and in 118 teeth out of 1018 teeth examined, with the patient prevalence of 50.2% and tooth prevalence 10.6%. Pulp stones were observed in 76 (51.3%) of males and 43 (48.3%) of females, with no significant difference (p>0.05). A nonsignificant difference was also noted when maxillary and mandibular arches and the left and right sides were compared. Pulp stones were observed more frequently observed in molars and in carious (8.8%) and restored teeth (17.1%). Conclusion: The prevalence of pulp stones was high in molars and in carious and restored teeth. No significant difference was noticed between gender, arch and side of tooth involved with pulp stones.

A Radiographic Study of Prevalence and Location of Enamel Pearls in a Saudi Arabian Adolescent Population

Objective: To determine the prevalence of enamel pearls on panoramic radiographs and to explore any potential correlation between the occurrences of enamel pearls with gender, jaw and tooth involved. Material and Methods: Digital panoramic radiographs of 642 adolescents aging 12­19 years were examined for the presence of enamel pearls. The location of involved tooth in terms of jaw and side and gender were recorded. Statistical analysis was carried out by applying Chi-square tests with the Yates correction. The level of significance was set at 5%. Results: The person prevalence of enamel pearls was 4.82% of patients and tooth prevalence was 0.96%. No statistical significant difference was observed between maxillary and mandibular arches and no gender and side predilection was observed. Most of the enamel pearls were seen in maxillary third molars (4.76%) and mandibular third molars (2.68%), followed by maxillary first molars (2.68%) and mandibular second molars (1.95%). No enamel pearl was observed in any of the anterior teeth or in any of the deciduous teeth. Conclusion: The prevalence of enamel pearls was observed in 4.28% of patients and 0.96% of teeth. They were most frequently seen on molars with no predilection for gender, jaw and side.

Comparative Study of the Efficacy of Newer Antioxitands Lycopene and Oxitard in the Treatment of Oral Submucous Fibrosis

Objective: To compare the efficacy of oxitard and lycopene in the management of Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSMF). Material and Methods: 120 subjects with clinicpathologically diagnosed OSMF were included in the study and divided equally in 2 groups, Group A (oxitard) and Group B (lycopene). Group A was administered 2 oxitard capsules twice daily and Group B was given 8 mg lycopene in 2 divided doses of 4 mg for 3 months. Gingival index and plaque index were documented for all patients and compared. Evaluation for different clinical parameters was done at regular intervals and data was analyzed using the Student's paired t test and Chi-square test. P-value <0.001 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: Clinical improvements in mouth opening and tongue protrusion was significant in Group A (p<0.001). Subjective symptoms of pain associated with the lesion (p=0.0001), difficulty in swallowing (p=0.0004) and speech (p=0.0002) significantly improved in the Group A. However, there was no significant improvement in burning sensation (p>0.001) among the 2 groups. Although the mean gingival index and plaque index in group A was reduced but it was found to be not statistically significant. Conclusion: Oxitard capsules can bring about significant clinical improvements in the symptoms like mouth opening, tongue protrusion, difficulty in swallowing and speech and pain associated with the lesion when compared to lycopene, thereby improving the quality of life of the affected individuals.